尿素合成技术的百年演进及其绿色转型的路径、实践及展望 - 202603 - 肥料与健康
尿素合成技术的百年演进及其绿色转型的路径、实践及展望
Centennial Evolution of Urea Synthesis Technology and the Pathways, Practices and Prospects of Its Green Transformation
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-7047.2026.03.001
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摘要:

系统梳理了尿素合成技术自实现工业化以来的百年演进历程,深入剖析了从经典的哈伯-博世合成氨和博世-迈塞尔合成尿素工艺,到全球碳中和背景下绿色转型浪潮的技术迭代逻辑;构建了兼具历史深度、技术前沿性与产业洞察力的综合性分析框架;详细阐述了传统工艺的关键技术里程碑、核心原理、能耗特征及环境影响;重点解析了以“绿氨路线”和“电催化直接合成”为代表的绿色尿素技术路径,深入剖析其核心机理、性能瓶颈与碳减排潜力,同时涵盖电催化合成、无催化剂温和条件合成及工业级低能耗工艺升级等多元创新方向。结合中国、欧盟和美国的产业实践,系统探讨了各国在政策法规、技术示范、研发创新领域的差异化路径与共性挑战,并对绿色尿素的经济成本构成、未来产业链重构趋势及技术发展路线图进行了前瞻性展望。研究表明,尽管传统工艺仍占据主导地位,但可再生能源驱动的绿色合成技术正以突破性态势重塑尿素工业格局,标志着一场贯穿能源结构、生产模式与产业链体系的产业革命已然来临。

关键词:
Abstract:

The centennial evolution of urea synthesis technology since its industrialization is systematically reviewed, and the technological iteration logic from the classic Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis and Bosch-Meiser urea synthesis processes to the wave of green transformation under the context of global carbon neutrality is deeply analyzed. A comprehensive analytical framework integrating historical depth, technological frontiers, and industrial insight is constructed. The key technological milestones, core principles, energy consumption characteristics, and environmental impacts of traditional processes are elaborated in detail. The green urea technology pathways represented by the "green ammonia route" and "direct electrocatalytic synthesis" are emphatically analyzed, with in-depth exploration of their core mechanisms, performance bottlenecks, and carbon emission reduction potential. Diverse innovative directions, including electrocatalytic synthesis, catalyst-free synthesis under mild conditions, and the upgrading of industrial low-energy-consumption processes, are also covered. Based on industrial practices in China, European Union, and the United States, the differentiated pathways and common challenges in policy and regulation, technology demonstration, and research and development innovation across these countries are systematically discussed. A forward-looking perspective is provided on the economic cost composition of green urea, future trends in industrial chain restructuring, and the technology development roadmap. Research indicates that although traditional processes still dominate, green synthesis technologies driven by renewable energy are reshaping the landscape of the urea industry with groundbreaking momentum, signaling the advent of an industrial revolution spanning energy structure, production models, and industrial chain systems.

Keyword:
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